Finetuning language models on a collection of datasets phrased as instructions has been shown to improve model performance and generalization to unseen tasks. In this paper we explore instruction finetuning with a particular focus on (1) scaling the number of tasks, (2) scaling the model size, and (3) finetuning on chain-of-thought data. We find that instruction finetuning with the above aspects dramatically improves performance on a variety of model classes (PaLM, T5, U-PaLM), prompting setups (zero-shot, few-shot, CoT), and evaluation benchmarks (MMLU, BBH, TyDiQA, MGSM, open-ended generation). For instance, Flan-PaLM 540B instruction-finetuned on 1.8K tasks outperforms PALM 540B by a large margin (+9.4% on average). Flan-PaLM 540B achieves state-of-the-art performance on several benchmarks, such as 75.2% on five-shot MMLU. We also publicly release Flan-T5 checkpoints, which achieve strong few-shot performance even compared to much larger models, such as PaLM 62B. Overall, instruction finetuning is a general method for improving the performance and usability of pretrained language models.

物理知情的神经网络（PINN）要求定期的基础PDE解决方案，以确保准确的近似值。因此，它们可能会在近似PDE的不连续溶液（例如非线性双曲方程）的情况下失败。为了改善这一点，我们提出了一种新颖的PINN变体，称为弱PINN（WPINNS），以准确地近似标量保护定律的熵溶液。WPINN是基于近似于根据Kruzkhov熵定义的残留的最小最大优化问题的解决方案，以确定近似熵解决方案的神经网络的参数以及测试功能。我们证明了WPINN发生的误差的严格界限，并通过数值实验说明了它们的性能，以证明WPINN可以准确地近似熵解决方案。

我们因与Relu神经网络的参数双曲标量保护定律的近似值所产生的误差得出了严格的界限。我们表明，通过克服维度诅咒的relu神经网络，可以使近似误差尽可能小。此外，我们在训练误差，训练样本数量和神经网络大小方面提供了明确的上限。理论结果通过数值实验说明。

我们提出了图形耦合振荡器网络（GraphCon），这是一个新颖的图形学习框架。它基于普通微分方程（ODE）的二阶系统的离散化，该系统建模了非线性控制和阻尼振荡器网络，并通过基础图的邻接结构结合。我们的框架的灵活性允许作为耦合函数任何基本的GNN层（例如卷积或注意力），通过该函数，通过该函数通过该函数通过该函数通过该函数通过所提出的ODES的动力学来构建多层深神经网络。我们将GNN中通常遇到的过度厚度问题与基础ode的稳态稳定性联系起来，并表明零二核能能量稳态对于我们提出的ODE不稳定。这表明所提出的框架减轻了过度厚度的问题。此外，我们证明GraphCon减轻了爆炸和消失的梯度问题，以促进对多层GNN的训练。最后，我们证明我们的方法在各种基于图形的学习任务方面就最先进的方法提供了竞争性能。

连续空间中单词的学习表示可能是NLP中最基本的任务，但是单词以比向量点产品相似性提供的富裕方式相互作用。单词之间的许多关系可以从理论上表达为设置，例如形容词 - 名称化合物（例如“红色汽车” $ \ subseteq $“ Cars”）和同符（例如，“舌头” $ \ cap $应该是与“口”相似，而“舌头” $ \ cap $“语言”应该与“方言”相似）具有自然的理论解释。盒子嵌入是一种新型基于区域的表示，可提供执行这些设定理论操作的能力。在这项工作中，我们提供了对盒子嵌入的模糊集解释，并使用设定理论训练目标学习单词的框表示。我们在各种单词相似性任务上，尤其是在较不常见的单词上表现出改善的性能，并执行定量和定性分析，以探讨Word2box提供的其他独特表达性。

Machine Translation (MT) system generally aims at automatic representation of source language into target language retaining the originality of context using various Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. Among various NLP methods, Statistical Machine Translation(SMT). SMT uses probabilistic and statistical techniques to analyze information and conversion. This paper canvasses about the development of bilingual SMT models for translating English to fifteen low-resource Indian Languages (ILs) and vice versa. At the outset, all 15 languages are briefed with a short description related to our experimental need. Further, a detailed analysis of Samanantar and OPUS dataset for model building, along with standard benchmark dataset (Flores-200) for fine-tuning and testing, is done as a part of our experiment. Different preprocessing approaches are proposed in this paper to handle the noise of the dataset. To create the system, MOSES open-source SMT toolkit is explored. Distance reordering is utilized with the aim to understand the rules of grammar and context-dependent adjustments through a phrase reordering categorization framework. In our experiment, the quality of the translation is evaluated using standard metrics such as BLEU, METEOR, and RIBES

The existing methods for video anomaly detection mostly utilize videos containing identifiable facial and appearance-based features. The use of videos with identifiable faces raises privacy concerns, especially when used in a hospital or community-based setting. Appearance-based features can also be sensitive to pixel-based noise, straining the anomaly detection methods to model the changes in the background and making it difficult to focus on the actions of humans in the foreground. Structural information in the form of skeletons describing the human motion in the videos is privacy-protecting and can overcome some of the problems posed by appearance-based features. In this paper, we present a survey of privacy-protecting deep learning anomaly detection methods using skeletons extracted from videos. We present a novel taxonomy of algorithms based on the various learning approaches. We conclude that skeleton-based approaches for anomaly detection can be a plausible privacy-protecting alternative for video anomaly detection. Lastly, we identify major open research questions and provide guidelines to address them.

Real-world datasets exhibit imbalances of varying types and degrees. Several techniques based on re-weighting and margin adjustment of loss are often used to enhance the performance of neural networks, particularly on minority classes. In this work, we analyze the class-imbalanced learning problem by examining the loss landscape of neural networks trained with re-weighting and margin-based techniques. Specifically, we examine the spectral density of Hessian of class-wise loss, through which we observe that the network weights converge to a saddle point in the loss landscapes of minority classes. Following this observation, we also find that optimization methods designed to escape from saddle points can be effectively used to improve generalization on minority classes. We further theoretically and empirically demonstrate that Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM), a recent technique that encourages convergence to a flat minima, can be effectively used to escape saddle points for minority classes. Using SAM results in a 6.2\% increase in accuracy on the minority classes over the state-of-the-art Vector Scaling Loss, leading to an overall average increase of 4\% across imbalanced datasets. The code is available at: https://github.com/val-iisc/Saddle-LongTail.

People living with dementia often exhibit behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia that can put their and others' safety at risk. Existing video surveillance systems in long-term care facilities can be used to monitor such behaviours of risk to alert the staff to prevent potential injuries or death in some cases. However, these behaviours of risk events are heterogeneous and infrequent in comparison to normal events. Moreover, analyzing raw videos can also raise privacy concerns. In this paper, we present two novel privacy-protecting video-based anomaly detection approaches to detect behaviours of risks in people with dementia. We either extracted body pose information as skeletons and use semantic segmentation masks to replace multiple humans in the scene with their semantic boundaries. Our work differs from most existing approaches for video anomaly detection that focus on appearance-based features, which can put the privacy of a person at risk and is also susceptible to pixel-based noise, including illumination and viewing direction. We used anonymized videos of normal activities to train customized spatio-temporal convolutional autoencoders and identify behaviours of risk as anomalies. We show our results on a real-world study conducted in a dementia care unit with patients with dementia, containing approximately 21 hours of normal activities data for training and 9 hours of data containing normal and behaviours of risk events for testing. We compared our approaches with the original RGB videos and obtained an equivalent area under the receiver operating characteristic curve performance of 0.807 for the skeleton-based approach and 0.823 for the segmentation mask-based approach. This is one of the first studies to incorporate privacy for the detection of behaviours of risks in people with dementia.

Large "instruction-tuned" language models (finetuned to respond to instructions) have demonstrated a remarkable ability to generalize zero-shot to new tasks. Nevertheless, they depend heavily on human-written instruction data that is limited in quantity, diversity, and creativity, therefore hindering the generality of the tuned model. We introduce Self-Instruct, a framework for improving the instruction-following capabilities of pretrained language models by bootstrapping off its own generations. Our pipeline generates instruction, input, and output samples from a language model, then prunes them before using them to finetune the original model. Applying our method to vanilla GPT3, we demonstrate a 33% absolute improvement over the original model on Super-NaturalInstructions, on par with the performance of InstructGPT_001, which is trained with private user data and human annotations. For further evaluation, we curate a set of expert-written instructions for novel tasks, and show through human evaluation that tuning GPT3 with Self-Instruct outperforms using existing public instruction datasets by a large margin, leaving only a 5% absolute gap behind InstructGPT_001. Self-Instruct provides an almost annotation-free method for aligning pre-trained language models with instructions, and we release our large synthetic dataset to facilitate future studies on instruction tuning.